American Psychological Association (APA) Style is used in the social sciences including psychology, social work, sociology, education, business, and communications. Health care and natural sciences to include engineering often use APA style. APA Style focuses on maintaining scientific rigor, and has numerous rules to limit plagiarism and to make scholarly communication concise and usable. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) is the definitive authority for APA Style.
Manuals available at the Jefferson College Library Circulation Desk Reserves shelf for use in the library only. Ask your librarian for assistance.
There are APA Style citation and reference tools available within many library databases and search tools like EBSCOhost and Discovery (shown above), in word processing software such as Word and GoogleDocs, and online (free and paid options). These tools will automatically generate a citation in a given format (APA, MLA, etc.). While these tools may seem convenient at first glance, they often (almost always) contain errors. For example, you will notice that most such tools have a formal disclaimer directly adjacent to them. This exists because at some point, a student used the citation tool, and it generated an incorrect citation, then the student brought action against the database publisher. You can see Discovery's disclaimer on the left.
YOU are responsible for ensuring the accuracy of all of your in-text citations and references. It is best to learn how to create a citation from scratch, but if you use a citation tool, make sure to double-check each citation for accuracy. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) is the definitive authority for in-text citations and reference listings.
When you are using ideas or information from a source, you should credit the author both in the text with a brief author-date citation, and at the end of your paper in the reference list.
If you are citing three or more authors or a group/organization as author, see page 266 of the APA Style Manual. The in-text citation might look like this:
In their article on opioid use before and after completion of a pain management program, the authors address the need to treat both the physiological and psychological impacts of pain in the patient (Nielssen et al., 2019).
If you use the author(s) name in the text of the sentence, follow with the year of publication in parentheses immediately after the name(s). You don't need to repeat this information in parentheses at the end of that sentence.
Nielson et al. (2019) address the need to treat both the physiological and psychological impacts of pain.
At the end of your paper after you insert a page break, include the full reference listing for all cited sources with the information someone else would need to find your source in a references list like this:
The purpose of the Online Writing Lab (OWL) is to help Jefferson College students in all phases of the writing process. We understand that it isn't always possible to make it to campus for face-to-face tutorial sessions, so we've created this OWL to make sure everyone has access to our college's excellent writing instructors. Please understand, though, that the OWL is not an editing or proofreading service. We will work with you to improve your own proofreading and editing skills, but we don't simply correct mistakes for you.
We want to help you learn to become your own best proofreader and editor. We will make every effort to return your paper/question within 48 hours, but please be aware that we cannot make any guarantees.
Since scientific research must be timely, the article is a focus of the APA style manual. There are also rules for citing books, interviews, and all manner of other materials. Please check the style manual or ask your librarian if you need help citing your sources. Also, take a look at the rules for APA style to get a sense of how your paper should be formatted.